The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel for 2009 to Elinor Ostrom, Indiana University, USA, “for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons” and Oliver E. Williamson, University of California, Berkeley, USA, “for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm.”
Elinor Ostrom has challenged the conventional wisdom that common property is poorly managed and should be either regulated by central authorities or privatized. Based on numerous studies of user-managed fish stocks, pastures, woods, lakes, and groundwater basins, Ostrom concludes that the outcomes are, more often than not, better than predicted by standard theories. She observes that resource users frequently develop sophisticated mechanisms for decision-making and rule enforcement to handle conflicts of interest, and she characterizes the rules that promote successful outcomes.
Oliver Williamson has argued that markets and hierarchical organizations, such as firms, represent alternative governance structures which differ in their approaches to resolving conflicts of interest. The drawback of markets is that they often entail haggling and disagreement. The drawback of firms is that authority, which mitigates contention, can be abused. Competitive markets work relatively well because buyers and sellers can turn to other trading partners in case of dissent. But when market competition is limited, firms are better suited for conflict resolution than markets. A key prediction of Williamson’s theory, which has also been supported empirically, is therefore that the propensity of economic agents to conduct their transactions inside the boundaries of a firm increases along with the relationship-specific features of their assets.
Related: 2006 Nobel Peace Prize to Economist –
Failure to Regulate Financial Markets Leads to Predictable Consequences – Myths About Adam Smith Ideas v. His Ideas – Is Productivity Growth Bad?
Elinor Ostrom starts talking at the 9 minute mark.
Why delhi’s buses are so deadly: an economic analysis
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Which is why the last thing a Blueline driver ever wants to do is come to a stop. Every move he makes is done with the intent of keeping the bus in motion: slowing just enough so debarking passengers can jump off, then picking up speed as the new passengers run alongside the bus, swinging themselves up and in as the conductor screams at them to hurry.
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But with an estimated 2,200 Blueline buses careening across Delhi on any given day, it’s no wonder the newspaper reports are almost identical every day. After an accident, the driver tries to flee, an angry mob beats him, the police impound the bus, the driver is thrown in jail, the owner of the bus is not mentioned. Sometimes the driver escapes, in which case the mob finds its release in setting fire to the bus.
This is a good example of looking at problems economically. It also shows the problem with failure to regulate. I am perfectly happy to live with regulation that removes the economic pressure to risk human life.
Related: Failing Infrastructure in the USA – International Development Fair: The Human Factor – China May Take Car Sales Lead from USA in 2009
Nouriel Roubini is still worried about the US economy, though he does believe we are coming to the end of the severe recession we have been in.
I believe, that if you were worried about your portfolio being overweighted in stocks late last year, now is a good time to move some money out of the stock market. In December 2008, when many were selling in panic, I invested more in stocks.
The stock market has been on a tear increasing
1 December 2008 the S&P 500 was at 816
1 January 2009 – 903
6 March 2009 – 684 (the lowest point since 1996)
1 May 2009 – 878
1 August 2009 – 987
5 October 2009 – 1040
In 6 months, since the market hit a low on March 6th, it is up 52%. Certainly the decrease in prices seemed overdone. The 50% increase in prices seems overdone also. But trying to predict short term moves in the stock market (say under 1 year) is very difficult and few people can do so successfully (even if you can find lots of people offering their guesses). Predicting the economy, while not easy, is much much easier that predicting the stock market.
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Home prices in the United States rose 0.3% on a seasonally-adjusted basis from June to July, according to the Federal Housing Finance Agency’s monthly House Price Index. The previously reported 0.5% increase in June was revised downward to a 0.1% increase. For the 12 months ending in July, U.S. prices fell 4.2%. The U.S. index is 10.5% below its April 2007 peak.
The FHFA monthly index is calculated using purchase prices of houses backing mortgages that have been sold to or guaranteed by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. Read the full press release. The Case-Shiller Home Price Indices also have increased (10 and 20 city indices) for June and July.
I am still not convinced we have seen the bottom of the housing price declines nationwide. The economy is still in very fragile territory. But the data does show the declining prices have been stopped in many locations, at least for a while. If job losses continue housing prices may well resume the decline. The commercial real estate market seems to be even weaker than housing.
Related: The Value of Home Ownership – Housing Prices Post Record Declines (April 2008) – posts on economic data – real estate articles
Main Street vs. Wall Street by Kevin Kelly
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Fees are only one part of the problem. Several owners I spoke to talked about how difficult it has been to get loans, or how restrictive loan covenants had become. “My bank won’t even talk to me,” confessed the owner of one local eatery who had received a Small Business Administration loan nearly two years ago that financed an upgrade and expansion of his kitchen.
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As for my relationship with Wells Fargo, it endures. Our line of credit comes up in six months, and I’m expecting the bank to try to boost our interest rate, especially given how much it has complained about how it’s too low. Where we once bundled many of our services through Wells Fargo—including our corporate, commercial, and equipment lending and our 401(k) plan, a policy the bank encouraged to deepen our ties—we’re looking to back out of some pieces…
Good idea, big banks have shown over and over again they take pride in consistently raising fees, reducing service and treating customers as though they are a bother. It is annoying that the big banks are constantly buying out the little banks to eliminate competition (and that regulators allow this is a sad commentary on our disrespect for the principles of capitalism) but when that happens move your banking needs to a small bank and you will be much better off in the long run.
Choosing to deal with big banks is bad idea. They have provided lousy service for quite some time. Obviously they do not chose to provide value to customers.
Related: Small Business Profit and Cash Flow – Smaller Companies Grab Bigger Share of Surging USA Exports – Congress Eases Bank Laws – 1999 – FDIC Study of Bank Overdraft Fees
Health Care: Lessons for America
It switched to a system that separates insurance from employment. Each individual or family is required to buy coverage, and insurers must offer a basic package of benefits to all applicants. They can’t profit from selling basic coverage, but they can from supplemental plans. Premiums are deducted from paychecks; the unemployed and poor are subsidized.
Despite opposition from insurers, drugmakers, and business, the plan passed by a bare majority and went into effect in 1996. Switzerland now spends 11% of its gross domestic product on health care, just as it did before. But everyone is covered, insurers are more profitable than ever, and its high-quality health care has been maintained.
The lesson, as laid out in The Healing of America: A Global Quest for Better, Cheaper, and Fairer Health Care, by T.R. Reid, is that “health-care systems can be changed, even in the face of powerful…interests.”
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Many Americans boast about having the best health care in the world, even though the U.N. ranks the U.S. system 37th, based on a broad range of measurements
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At the same time, he learned that almost all countries use one of four health-care models: Germany’s Bismarck system, in which hospitals and insurers are private entities and financing comes from payroll deductions; Britain’s Beveridge Model, with the government providing health care financed by taxes; the Canadian plan, where private doctors and hospitals are paid by the government through taxes; and the out-of-pocket care found in most poor nations, where those who can afford care get it, while the rest suffer or die. Unlike any other country, the U.S. combines all four models
Related: posts on the economics of health care – Broken Health Care System: Self-Employed Insurance – Many Experts Say USA Health-Care System Inefficient, Wasteful – USA Spent $2.2 Trillion, 16.2% of GDP, on Health Care in 2007 – International Health Care System Performance
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BECKY: All right. Let me go at this another way. Let’s pretend you’re on a desert island for a month. There’s only one set of numbers you can get. What would it be?
BUFFETT: Well, I would probably look at– perhaps freight car loadings and– perhaps– and– and truck tonnage moved and– but I’d want to look at a lot of figures.
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BUFFETT: Well, I think that– unfortunately, I think that the — what– what– we’re really talking about reforming health insurance more than health care. So I– the incentives that produce the 16 or so percent of GDP that’s going to health care, I think unfortunately they’re getting– they’re going to get changed. But– so I think that we really– and I’m talking as much about reforming health care as we’re talking about reforming the insurance. And I think that will be an opportunity missed if we don’t do more about looking at what– what the incentives are in the present system and what they would be in an ideal system.
Related: Buffett’s Fix for the Economy (Oct 2008) – Warren Buffett Webcast on the Credit Crisis – Warren Buffett on Taxes – Many Experts Say Health-Care System Inefficient, Wasteful
Mark Mobius is an investment manager with Franklin-Templeton that I have invested with for over a decade (through the Templeton Emerging Markets Trust and Templeton Dragon Fund – they are closed end funds). I believe in Templeton’s emerging market investment team and Mark Mobius and believe his thoughts are worth paying attention to. He recently wrote an overview on Emerging Markets:
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In Mexico, GDP contracted 10% y-o-y in the second quarter of 2009 as a result of the global economic crisis and swine flu outbreak. In comparison, GDP fell 8% in the first quarter of the year. Declines in the manufacturing, construction and retail sectors had negatively impacted GDP during the period.
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Since 1995, portfolio inflows into emerging markets have totaled more than US$123 billion. A significant amount, considering it includes the US$49 billion in net outflows in 2008 as a result of the global financial crisis. The recovery in emerging markets and hunt for attractive investment opportunities, however, saw these funds return just as quickly with inflows totaling more than US$44 billion in the first seven months of 2009, nearly 90% of the outflows registered all of last year.
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Emerging markets account for more than 80% of the world’s population. With economic growth accelerating and population growth decelerating, per capita income is one the rise. In our view, markets such as China, India and Brazil stand at the front of the class.
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As of end-August 2009, the benchmark MSCI Emerging Markets index had a P/E of 16 times, cheaper than the MSCI World index which was trading at a P/E of 21 times.
There are several issues with economic data, as I have mentioned before. These issues have to be considered when analyzing economic data and being financially literate requires an understanding of the problems with economic data. The political pressures for manipulating the data to appear good exist is every country. The practical difference is the other forces that push for data that is more accurate (businesses, investors, economists… need accurate data to succeed) and practices that have been adopted to provide accurate data.
Foreign Policy magazine takes a look at problems in How China Cooks Its Books
But local and provincial governmental officials are the ones who actually fiddle with the numbers. They retain considerable autonomy and power, and have a self-interested reason to manipulate economic statistics. When they reach or exceed the central government’s economic goals, they get rewarded with better jobs or more money. “The higher [their] GDP [figures], the higher the chance will be for local officials to get promoted,” explained Liu.
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Last October, Vice Premier Li Keqiang said in a speech after inspecting China’s Statistics Bureau, “China’s foundation for statistics is still very weak, and the quality of statistics is to be further improved” — a brutally harsh assessment coming from a top state official.
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China’s economy grew at an annualized 6.1 percent rate in the first quarter, and 7.9 percent in the second. Yet electricity usage, a key indicator in industrial growth and a harder metric to manipulate, declined 2.2 percent in the first six months of the year. How could an economy largely dependent on manufacturing grow while its industrial sector shrank? It couldn’t; the numbers don’t add up
My guess is China’s data is highly questionable and still China’s economy is fairly strong. But because the data is so questionable it does make the risks of being wrong on that guess fairly high. Even the US government data is flawed: it is no surprise China’s data is less reliable.
Related: Is China’s Recovery for Real? – Misuse of Statistics – Mania in Financial Markets – Manufacturing Employment Data – 1979 to 2007 – The Long-Term USA Federal Budget Outlook –
Data Shows Subprime Mortgages Were Failing Years Before the Crisis Hit
Last November USA consumer debt fell, by a then record of $8 billion. In July, 2009, consumer debt was reduced another $21 billion, which is a good sign.
April of 2008 USA consumer debt stood at $2.54 trillion. Based on a population of 300 million people that would mean $8,467 for every person in just personal debt. Living beyond your means is not a good thing. After the July decrease of $21.55 billion, the total consumer debt stood at $2.47 trillion, a decline of $70 billion over the last 15 months.
Decreasing this debt level was (and is) necessary. If that means we have some suffering today to pay for living beyond our means for years the ‘fix’ is not to continue to live beyond our means. The ‘fix’ is to accept the consequences of past behavior and build a more sustainable economy now for the future.
Consumer credit down record amount in July
Consumers have retrenched since the financial crisis hit in full force last September. Credit has fallen in every month except January. In percentage terms, the drop in credit is the biggest since June 1975.
And on a year-on-year basis, credit is down 4.3%, the biggest drop since June 1944. The retrenchment was much more than expected. Economists surveyed by MarketWatch expected consumer credit to decline by $4.3 billion. There were also sharp downward revisions to June data.
Economists said shrinking credit might strangle the recovery. “There is no real way to put a positive spin on these data. Credit is still shrinking and that is going to have an impact on consumption,” wrote Charmaine Buskas, senior economics strategist at TD Securities, in a note to clients.
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credit-card debt fell $6.11 billion, or 8.5%, in July to $905.58 billion. This is the record 11th straight monthly drop in credit card debt. Non-revolving credit, such as auto loans, personal loans and student loans fell a record $15.44 billion or 11.7% to $1.57 trillion.
Here is a positive spin on it. We owe $21.5 billion less than we did last month. How lost are we that there is no positive way to spin owing less money than you used to owe?
Related: Personal Saving and Personal Debt in the USA – Americans are Drowning in Debt